Ian C. Fischer, PhD

Sex differences in PTSD were attributable to differential exposure to traumatic events such as childhood sexual assault and military sexual trauma and to social factors such as greater loneliness.

Subthreshold PTSD affects 3.5% of US military veterans and is associated with increased rates of psychiatric disorders, suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and functional difficulties.

Interventions that bolster social connectedness, meaning in life, and optimism may help promote psychological resilience among mental health workers exposed to ongoing war-related and work-related stressors.