Rates of Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder in Black and White Postpartum Women

Abstract

Importance: Little is known about differences between Black and White women with respect to the prevalence of postpartum mood disorders or symptom presentations.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of postpartum major mood disorders in Black and White women at 4–6 weeks after birth.

Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a large-scale study designed to screen women for postpartum depression with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and collect symptom data. Data were collected at an urban maternity hospital in an academic setting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Of the 2,019 women who screened positive and accepted a psychiatric diagnostic interview, 163 and 85 Black women had major depressive and bipolar disorders, respectively, and 508 and 177 White women had major depressive and bipolar disorders, respectively. Those with an EPDS score greater than or equal to 10 were offered a psychiatric assessment (in-person at home or by telephone) with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV using the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Atypical Depression Version symptom inventory, a questionnaire related to childhood and adulthood physical and sexual abuse, and the Short Form Survey 12. Participants who self-identified as Black or White were included in this analysis.

Results: Among screen-positive participants, no significant difference in the rate of major depressive disorder (40% Black and 35% White) was observed. However, bipolar disorder significantly differed between Black (19.2%) and White (11.5%) women. Additionally, symptom profiles differed between Black and White participants with major depressive disorder, and a high rate of traumatic experiences was reported by participants with major depression and bipolar disorder in both racial groups.

Conclusion: An understanding of the different presentations of postpartum mood disorders between Black and White women, as well as trauma-informed care, can optimize postpartum health care through supporting advocacy efforts for resource allocation and health care delivery.

Trial Registration: Dataset from study at ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00282776.

J Clin Psychiatry 2024;85(4):23m15023

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